Separate method open() and constructor, enhance consistency between connectors. (#584)

* Add self-open mechanism
* self-open mechanism through the 'device' property
* Separate open() and store connection in 'device'
* Restore device status to False on close()
* Add default value to all params + type annotations
* Add generic DeviceNotFoundError exception
* Update USBNotFoundError return code
* Enhance connectors consistency
* Fix LP printer stall
* Fix LP waste of paper due to auto-flush + flush on close
* Move platform dependent printers' guard to init

---------

Co-authored-by: Patrick Kanzler <4189642+patkan@users.noreply.github.com>

src/escpos/escpos.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This module contains the abstract base class :py:class:`Escpos`.
 import textwrap
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod  # abstract base class support
 from re import match as re_match
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
+from typing import List, Literal, Optional, Union
 
 import barcode
 import qrcode
@@ -114,7 +114,11 @@ class Escpos(object):
     class.
     """
 
-    device = None
+    # device status:
+    #   False -> Not initialized
+    #   None -> Initialized but not connected
+    #   object -> The connection object (Usb(), Serial(), Network(), etc.)
+    _device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], object] = False
 
     def __init__(self, profile=None, magic_encode_args=None, **kwargs) -> None:
         """Initialize ESCPOS Printer.
@@ -128,6 +132,27 @@ class Escpos(object):
         """Call self.close upon deletion."""
         self.close()
 
+    @property
+    def device(self) -> Union[Literal[None], object]:
+        """Implements a self-open mechanism.
+
+        An attempt to get the property before open the connection
+        will cause the connection to open.
+        """
+        if self._device is False:
+            # Open device if not previously opened
+            self._device = None  # None -> Initialized
+            self.open()
+        return self._device
+
+    @device.setter
+    def device(self, new_device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], object]):
+        self._device = new_device
+
+    def open(self):
+        """Open a printer device/connection."""
+        pass
+
     @abstractmethod
     def _raw(self, msg: bytes) -> None:
         """Send raw data to the printer.

src/escpos/exceptions.py

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ Result/Exit codes:
     - `60` = Invalid pin to send Cash Drawer pulse :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.CashDrawerError`
     - `70` = Invalid number of tab positions :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.TabPosError`
     - `80` = Invalid char code :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.CharCodeError`
-    - `90` = USB device not found :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.USBNotFoundError`
+    - `90` = Device not found :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+    - `91` = USB device not found :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.USBNotFoundError`
     - `100` = Set variable out of range :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.SetVariableError`
     - `200` = Configuration not found :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.ConfigNotFoundError`
     - `210` = Configuration syntax error :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.ConfigSyntaxError`
@@ -275,11 +276,35 @@ class CharCodeError(Error):
         return "Valid char code must be set ({msg})".format(msg=self.msg)
 
 
-class USBNotFoundError(Error):
+class DeviceNotFoundError(Error):
-    """Device was not found (probably not plugged in).
+    """Device was not found.
+
+    The device seems to be not accessible.
+    The return code for this exception is `90`.
+
+    inheritance:
+
+    .. inheritance-diagram:: escpos.exceptions.Error
+        :parts: 1
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg=""):
+        """Initialize DeviceNotFoundError object."""
+        Error.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.resultcode = 90
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return string representation of DeviceNotFoundError."""
+        return f"Device not found ({self.msg})"
+
+
+class USBNotFoundError(DeviceNotFoundError):
+    """USB device was not found (probably not plugged in).
 
     The USB device seems to be not plugged in.
-    The return code for this exception is `90`.
+    The return code for this exception is `91`.
 
     inheritance:
 
@@ -292,11 +317,11 @@ class USBNotFoundError(Error):
         """Initialize USBNotFoundError object."""
         Error.__init__(self, msg)
         self.msg = msg
-        self.resultcode = 90
+        self.resultcode = 91
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Return string representation of USBNotFoundError."""
-        return "USB device not found ({msg})".format(msg=self.msg)
+        return f"USB device not found ({self.msg})"
 
 
 class SetVariableError(Error):

src/escpos/printer/cups.py

@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@
 """
 
 import functools
+import logging
 import tempfile
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Type, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 #: keeps track if the pycups dependency could be loaded (:py:class:`escpos.printer.CupsPrinter`)
 _DEP_PYCUPS = False
@@ -20,6 +23,9 @@ try:
     import cups
 
     _DEP_PYCUPS = True
+    # Store server defaults before further configuration
+    DEFAULT_HOST = cups.getServer()
+    DEFAULT_PORT = cups.getPort()
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
@@ -78,49 +84,85 @@ class CupsPrinter(Escpos):
         return is_usable()
 
     @dependency_pycups
-    def __init__(self, printer_name=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, printer_name: str = "", *args, **kwargs):
         """Class constructor for CupsPrinter.
 
         :param printer_name: CUPS printer name (Optional)
-        :type printer_name: str
         :param host: CUPS server host/ip (Optional)
         :type host: str
         :param port: CUPS server port (Optional)
         :type port: int
         """
         Escpos.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        host, port = args or (
+        self.host, self.port = args or (
-            kwargs.get("host", cups.getServer()),
+            kwargs.get("host", DEFAULT_HOST),
-            kwargs.get("port", cups.getPort()),
+            kwargs.get("port", DEFAULT_PORT),
         )
-        cups.setServer(host)
+        self.tmpfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=True)
-        cups.setPort(port)
-        self.conn = cups.Connection()
-        self.tmpfile = None
         self.printer_name = printer_name
         self.job_name = ""
         self.pending_job = False
-        self.open()
+
+        self._device: Union[
+            Literal[False], Literal[None], Type[cups.Connection]
+        ] = False
 
     @property
-    def printers(self):
+    def printers(self) -> dict:
         """Available CUPS printers."""
-        return self.conn.getPrinters()
+        if self.device:
+            return self.device.getPrinters()
+        return {}
 
-    def open(self, job_name="python-escpos"):
+    def open(
+        self, job_name: str = "python-escpos", raise_not_found: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
         """Set up a new print job and target the printer.
 
         A call to this method is required to send new jobs to
-        the same CUPS connection.
+        the CUPS connection after close.
 
         Defaults to default CUPS printer.
         Creates a new temporary file buffer.
+
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
         """
+        if self._device:
+            self.close()
+
+        cups.setServer(self.host)
+        cups.setPort(self.port)
         self.job_name = job_name
-        if self.printer_name not in self.printers:
+        if self.tmpfile.closed:
-            self.printer_name = self.conn.getDefault()
             self.tmpfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=True)
 
+        try:
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[Type[cups.Connection]] = cups.Connection()
+            if self.device:
+                # Name validation, set default if no given name
+                self.printer_name = self.printer_name or self.device.getDefault()
+                assert self.printer_name in self.printers, "Incorrect printer name"
+        except (RuntimeError, AssertionError) as e:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Unable to start a print job for the printer {self.printer_name}:"
+                    + f"\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error(
+                    "CupsPrinter printing %s not available", self.printer_name
+                )
+                return
+        logging.info("CupsPrinter printer enabled")
+
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Append any command sent in raw format to temporary file.
 
@@ -134,14 +176,13 @@ class CupsPrinter(Escpos):
             self.pending_job = False
             raise ValueError("Printer job not opened")
 
-    @dependency_pycups
     def send(self):
         """Send the print job to the printer."""
         if self.pending_job:
             # Rewind tempfile
             self.tmpfile.seek(0)
             # Print temporary file via CUPS printer.
-            self.conn.printFile(
+            self.device.printFile(
                 self.printer_name,
                 self.tmpfile.name,
                 self.job_name,
@@ -173,8 +214,9 @@ class CupsPrinter(Escpos):
 
         Send pending job to the printer if needed.
         """
+        if not self._device:
+            return
         if self.pending_job:
             self.send()
-        if self.conn:
+        logging.info("Closing CUPS connection to printer %s", self.printer_name)
-            print("Closing CUPS connection to printer {}".format(self.printer_name))
+        self._device = False
-            self.conn = None

src/escpos/printer/file.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 #  -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""This module contains the implementation of the CupsPrinter printer driver.
+"""This module contains the implementation of the File printer driver.
 
 :author: python-escpos developers
 :organization: `python-escpos <https://github.com/python-escpos>`_
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 :license: MIT
 """
 
+import logging
+from typing import IO, Literal, Optional, Union
+
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 
 def is_usable() -> bool:
@@ -39,7 +43,7 @@ class File(Escpos):
         """
         return is_usable()
 
-    def __init__(self, devfile="/dev/usb/lp0", auto_flush=True, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, devfile: str = "", auto_flush: bool = True, *args, **kwargs):
         """Initialize file printer with device file.
 
         :param devfile: Device file under dev filesystem
@@ -48,17 +52,40 @@ class File(Escpos):
         Escpos.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
         self.devfile = devfile
         self.auto_flush = auto_flush
-        self.open()
 
-    def open(self):
+        self._device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], IO[bytes]] = False
-        """Open system file."""
-        self.device = open(self.devfile, "wb")
 
-        if self.device is None:
+    def open(self, raise_not_found: bool = True) -> None:
-            print("Could not open the specified file {0}".format(self.devfile))
+        """Open system file.
 
-    def flush(self):
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        """
+        if self._device:
+            self.close()
+
+        try:
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[IO[bytes]] = open(self.devfile, "wb")
+        except OSError as e:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Could not open the specified file {self.devfile}:\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error("File printer %s not found", self.devfile)
+                return
+        logging.info("File printer enabled")
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
         """Flush printing content."""
+        if self.device:
             self.device.flush()
 
     def _raw(self, msg):
@@ -71,8 +98,12 @@ class File(Escpos):
         if self.auto_flush:
             self.flush()
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> None:
         """Close system file."""
-        if self.device is not None:
+        if not self._device:
-            self.device.flush()
+            return
-            self.device.close()
+        logging.info("Closing File connection to printer %s", self.devfile)
+        if not self.auto_flush:
+            self.flush()
+        self._device.close()
+        self._device = False

src/escpos/printer/lp.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 #  -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""This module contains the implementation of the CupsPrinter printer driver.
+"""This module contains the implementation of the LP printer driver.
 
 :author: python-escpos developers
 :organization: `python-escpos <https://github.com/python-escpos>`_
@@ -9,11 +9,13 @@
 """
 
 import functools
-import os
+import logging
 import subprocess
 import sys
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 
 def is_usable() -> bool:
@@ -61,40 +63,124 @@ class LP(Escpos):
         """
         return is_usable()
 
-    def __init__(self, printer_name: str, *args, **kwargs):
+    @dependency_linux_lp
+    def __init__(self, printer_name: str = "", *args, **kwargs):
         """LP class constructor.
 
         :param printer_name: CUPS printer name (Optional)
-        :type printer_name: str
         :param auto_flush: Automatic flush after every _raw() (Optional)
-        :type auto_flush: bool
+        :type auto_flush: bool (Defaults False)
         """
         Escpos.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
         self.printer_name = printer_name
-        self.auto_flush = kwargs.get("auto_flush", True)
+        self.auto_flush = kwargs.get("auto_flush", False)
-        self.open()
+        self._flushed = False
 
-    @dependency_linux_lp
+        self._device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], subprocess.Popen] = False
-    def open(self):
+
-        """Invoke _lp_ in a new subprocess and wait for commands."""
+    @property
-        self.lp = subprocess.Popen(
+    def printers(self) -> dict:
-            ["lp", "-d", self.printer_name, "-o", "raw"],
+        """Available CUPS printers."""
-            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+        p_names = subprocess.run(
-            stdout=open(os.devnull, "w"),
+            ["lpstat", "-e"],  # Get printer names
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
         )
+        p_devs = subprocess.run(
+            ["lpstat", "-v"],  # Get attached devices
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        )
+        # List and trim output lines
+        names = [name for name in p_names.stdout.split("\n") if name]
+        devs = [dev for dev in p_devs.stdout.split("\n") if dev]
+        # return a dict of {printer name: attached device} pairs
+        return {name: dev.split()[-1] for name in names for dev in devs if name in dev}
 
-    def close(self):
+    def _get_system_default_printer(self) -> str:
+        """Return the system's default printer name."""
+        p_name = subprocess.run(
+            ["lpstat", "-d"],
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        )
+        name = p_name.stdout.split()[-1]
+        if name not in self.printers:
+            return ""
+        return name
+
+    def open(
+        self,
+        job_name: str = "python-escpos",
+        raise_not_found: bool = True,
+        _close_opened: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Invoke _lp_ in a new subprocess and wait for commands.
+
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        """
+        if self._device and _close_opened:
+            self.close()
+
+        self._is_closing = False
+
+        self.job_name = job_name
+        try:
+            # Name validation, set default if no given name
+            self.printer_name = self.printer_name or self._get_system_default_printer()
+            assert self.printer_name in self.printers, "Incorrect printer name"
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[subprocess.Popen] = subprocess.Popen(
+                ["lp", "-d", self.printer_name, "-t", self.job_name, "-o", "raw"],
+                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            )
+        except (AssertionError, subprocess.SubprocessError) as e:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Unable to start a print job for the printer {self.printer_name}:"
+                    + f"\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error("LP printing %s not available", self.printer_name)
+                return
+        logging.info("LP printer enabled")
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
         """Stop the subprocess."""
-        self.lp.terminate()
+        if not self._device:
+            return
+        logging.info("Closing LP connection to printer %s", self.printer_name)
+        self._is_closing = True
+        if not self.auto_flush:
+            self.flush()
+        self._device.terminate()
+        self._device = False
 
-    def flush(self):
+    def flush(self) -> None:
         """End line and wait for new commands."""
-        if self.lp.stdin.writable():
+        if not self.device or not self.device.stdin:
-            self.lp.stdin.write(b"\n")
+            return
-        if self.lp.stdin.closed is False:
+
-            self.lp.stdin.close()
+        if self._flushed:
-        self.lp.wait()
+            return
-        self.open()
+
+        if self.device.stdin.writable():
+            self.device.stdin.write(b"\n")
+        if self.device.stdin.closed is False:
+            self.device.stdin.close()
+        self.device.wait()
+        self._flushed = True
+        if not self._is_closing:
+            self.open(_close_opened=False)
 
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Write raw command(s) to the printer.
@@ -102,9 +188,10 @@ class LP(Escpos):
         :param msg: arbitrary code to be printed
         :type msg: bytes
         """
-        if self.lp.stdin.writable():
+        if self.device.stdin.writable():
-            self.lp.stdin.write(msg)
+            self.device.stdin.write(msg)
         else:
-            raise Exception("Not a valid pipe for lp process")
+            raise subprocess.SubprocessError("Not a valid pipe for lp process")
+        self._flushed = False
         if self.auto_flush:
             self.flush()

src/escpos/printer/network.py

@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@
 :license: MIT
 """
 
+import logging
 import socket
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 
 def is_usable() -> bool:
@@ -54,7 +57,14 @@ class Network(Escpos):
         """
         return is_usable()
 
-    def __init__(self, host, port=9100, timeout=60, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str = "",
+        port: int = 9100,
+        timeout: Union[int, float] = 60,
+        *args,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
         """Initialize network printer.
 
         :param host:    Printer's host name or IP address
@@ -65,16 +75,40 @@ class Network(Escpos):
         self.host = host
         self.port = port
         self.timeout = timeout
-        self.open()
 
-    def open(self):
+        self._device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], socket.socket] = False
-        """Open TCP socket with ``socket``-library and set it as escpos device."""
+
-        self.device = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    def open(self, raise_not_found: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Open TCP socket with ``socket``-library and set it as escpos device.
+
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        """
+        if self._device:
+            self.close()
+
+        try:
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[socket.socket] = socket.socket(
+                socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM
+            )
             self.device.settimeout(self.timeout)
             self.device.connect((self.host, self.port))
-
+        except OSError as e:
-        if self.device is None:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
-            print("Could not open socket for {0}".format(self.host))
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Could not open socket for {self.host}:\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error("Network device %s not found", self.host)
+                return
+        logging.info("Network printer enabled")
 
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Print any command sent in raw format.
@@ -88,11 +122,14 @@ class Network(Escpos):
         """Read data from the TCP socket."""
         return self.device.recv(16)
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> None:
         """Close TCP connection."""
-        if self.device is not None:
+        if not self._device:
+            return
+        logging.info("Closing Network connection to printer %s", self.host)
         try:
-                self.device.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+            self._device.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
         except socket.error:
             pass
-            self.device.close()
+        self._device.close()
+        self._device = False

src/escpos/printer/serial.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 #  -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""This module contains the implementation of the CupsPrinter printer driver.
+"""This module contains the implementation of the Serial printer driver.
 
 :author: python-escpos developers
 :organization: `python-escpos <https://github.com/python-escpos>`_
@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@
 
 
 import functools
+import logging
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 #: keeps track if the pyserial dependency could be loaded (:py:class:`escpos.printer.Serial`)
 _DEP_PYSERIAL = False
@@ -73,16 +76,16 @@ class Serial(Escpos):
     @dependency_pyserial
     def __init__(
         self,
-        devfile="/dev/ttyS0",
+        devfile: str = "",
-        baudrate=9600,
+        baudrate: int = 9600,
-        bytesize=8,
+        bytesize: int = 8,
-        timeout=1,
+        timeout: Union[int, float] = 1,
-        parity=None,
+        parity: Optional[str] = None,
-        stopbits=None,
+        stopbits: Optional[int] = None,
-        xonxoff=False,
+        xonxoff: bool = False,
-        dsrdtr=True,
+        dsrdtr: bool = True,
         *args,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize serial printer.
 
@@ -111,14 +114,26 @@ class Serial(Escpos):
         self.xonxoff = xonxoff
         self.dsrdtr = dsrdtr
 
-        self.open()
+        self._device: Union[Literal[False], Literal[None], serial.Serial] = False
 
     @dependency_pyserial
-    def open(self):
+    def open(self, raise_not_found: bool = True) -> None:
-        """Set up serial port and set is as escpos device."""
+        """Set up serial port and set is as escpos device.
-        if self.device is not None and self.device.is_open:
+
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        """
+        if self._device:
+            if self.device and self.device.is_open:
                 self.close()
-        self.device = serial.Serial(
+
+        try:
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[serial.Serial] = serial.Serial(
                 port=self.devfile,
                 baudrate=self.baudrate,
                 bytesize=self.bytesize,
@@ -128,11 +143,17 @@ class Serial(Escpos):
                 xonxoff=self.xonxoff,
                 dsrdtr=self.dsrdtr,
             )
-
+        except (ValueError, serial.SerialException) as e:
-        if self.device is not None:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
-            print("Serial printer enabled")
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Unable to open serial printer on {self.devfile}:\n{e}"
+                )
             else:
-            print("Unable to open serial printer on: {0}".format(str(self.devfile)))
+                logging.error("Serial device %s not found", self.devfile)
+                return
+        logging.info("Serial printer enabled")
 
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Print any command sent in raw format.
@@ -146,8 +167,12 @@ class Serial(Escpos):
         """Read the data buffer and return it to the caller."""
         return self.device.read(16)
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> None:
         """Close Serial interface."""
-        if self.device is not None and self.device.is_open:
+        if not self._device:
-            self.device.flush()
+            return
-            self.device.close()
+        logging.info("Closing Serial connection to printer %s", self.devfile)
+        if self._device and self._device.is_open:
+            self._device.flush()
+            self._device.close()
+        self._device = False

src/escpos/printer/usb.py

@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@
 :license: MIT
 """
 import functools
+import logging
+from typing import Dict, Literal, Optional, Type, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
-from ..exceptions import USBNotFoundError
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError, USBNotFoundError
 
 #: keeps track if the usb dependency could be loaded (:py:class:`escpos.printer.Usb`)
 _DEP_USB = False
@@ -72,14 +74,14 @@ class Usb(Escpos):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        idVendor,
+        idVendor: str = "",
-        idProduct,
+        idProduct: str = "",
-        usb_args=None,
+        usb_args: Dict[str, str] = {},
-        timeout=0,
+        timeout: Union[int, float] = 0,
-        in_ep=0x82,
+        in_ep: int = 0x82,
-        out_ep=0x01,
+        out_ep: int = 0x01,
         *args,
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         """Initialize USB printer.
 
@@ -95,32 +97,65 @@ class Usb(Escpos):
         self.in_ep = in_ep
         self.out_ep = out_ep
 
-        usb_args = usb_args or {}
+        self.usb_args = usb_args or {}
         if idVendor:
-            usb_args["idVendor"] = idVendor
+            self.usb_args["idVendor"] = idVendor
         if idProduct:
-            usb_args["idProduct"] = idProduct
+            self.usb_args["idProduct"] = idProduct
-        self.open(usb_args)
+
+        self._device: Union[
+            Literal[False], Literal[None], Type[usb.core.Device]
+        ] = False
 
     @dependency_usb
-    def open(self, usb_args):
+    def open(self, raise_not_found: bool = True) -> None:
         """Search device on USB tree and set it as escpos device.
 
-        :param usb_args: USB arguments
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.USBNotFoundError`
         """
-        self.device = usb.core.find(**usb_args)
+        if self._device:
-        if self.device is None:
+            self.close()
-            raise USBNotFoundError("Device not found or cable not plugged in.")
 
-        self.idVendor = self.device.idVendor
+        # Open device
-        self.idProduct = self.device.idProduct
+        try:
+            self.device: Optional[Type[usb.core.Device]] = usb.core.find(
+                **self.usb_args
+            )
+            assert self.device, USBNotFoundError(
+                f"Device {tuple(self.usb_args.values())} not found"
+                + " or cable not plugged in."
+            )
+            self._check_driver()
+            self._configure_usb()
+        except (AssertionError, usb.core.USBError) as e:
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
+            self.device = None
+            if raise_not_found:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Unable to open USB printer on {tuple(self.usb_args.values())}:"
+                    + f"\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error("USB device %s not found", tuple(self.usb_args.values()))
+                return
+        logging.info("USB printer enabled")
 
-        # pyusb has three backends: libusb0, libusb1 and openusb but
+    def _check_driver(self) -> None:
-        # only libusb1 backend implements the methods is_kernel_driver_active()
+        """Check the driver.
-        # and detach_kernel_driver().
+
-        # This helps enable this library to work on Windows.
+        pyusb has three backends: libusb0, libusb1 and openusb but
-        if self.device.backend.__module__.endswith("libusb1"):
+        only libusb1 backend implements the methods is_kernel_driver_active()
-            check_driver = None
+        and detach_kernel_driver().
+        This helps enable this library to work on Windows.
+        """
+        if self.device and self.device.backend.__module__.endswith("libusb1"):
+            check_driver: Optional[bool] = None
 
             try:
                 check_driver = self.device.is_kernel_driver_active(0)
@@ -134,13 +169,17 @@ class Usb(Escpos):
                     pass
                 except usb.core.USBError as e:
                     if check_driver is not None:
-                        print("Could not detatch kernel driver: {0}".format(str(e)))
+                        logging.error("Could not detatch kernel driver: %s", str(e))
 
+    def _configure_usb(self) -> None:
+        """Configure USB."""
+        if not self.device:
+            return
         try:
             self.device.set_configuration()
             self.device.reset()
         except usb.core.USBError as e:
-            print("Could not set configuration: {0}".format(str(e)))
+            logging.error("Could not set configuration: %s", str(e))
 
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Print any command sent in raw format.
@@ -155,8 +194,12 @@ class Usb(Escpos):
         return self.device.read(self.in_ep, 16)
 
     @dependency_usb
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> None:
         """Release USB interface."""
-        if self.device:
+        if not self._device:
-            usb.util.dispose_resources(self.device)
+            return
-        self.device = None
+        logging.info(
+            "Closing Usb connection to printer %s", tuple(self.usb_args.values())
+        )
+        usb.util.dispose_resources(self._device)
+        self._device = False

src/escpos/printer/win32raw.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 #  -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""This module contains the implementation of the CupsPrinter printer driver.
+"""This module contains the implementation of the Win32Raw printer driver.
 
 :author: python-escpos developers
 :organization: `python-escpos <https://github.com/python-escpos>`_
@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@
 """
 
 import functools
+import logging
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Type, Union
 
 from ..escpos import Escpos
+from ..exceptions import DeviceNotFoundError
 
 #: keeps track if the win32print dependency could be loaded (:py:class:`escpos.printer.Win32Raw`)
 _DEP_WIN32PRINT = False
 
+
 try:
     import win32print
 
@@ -70,38 +74,78 @@ class Win32Raw(Escpos):
         return is_usable()
 
     @dependency_win32print
-    def __init__(self, printer_name=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, printer_name: str = "", *args, **kwargs):
         """Initialize default printer."""
         Escpos.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        if printer_name is not None:
         self.printer_name = printer_name
-        else:
+        self.job_name = ""
-            self.printer_name = win32print.GetDefaultPrinter()
-        self.hPrinter = None
-        self.open()
 
-    @dependency_win32print
+        self._device: Union[
-    def open(self, job_name="python-escpos"):
+            Literal[False],
-        """Open connection to default printer."""
+            Literal[None],
-        if self.printer_name is None:
+            Type[win32print.OpenPrinter],
-            raise Exception("Printer not found")
+        ] = False
-        self.hPrinter = win32print.OpenPrinter(self.printer_name)
+
+    @property
+    def printers(self) -> dict:
+        """Available Windows printers."""
+        return {
+            printer["pPrinterName"]: printer
+            for printer in win32print.EnumPrinters(win32print.PRINTER_ENUM_NAME, "", 4)
+        }
+
+    def open(
+        self, job_name: str = "python-escpos", raise_not_found: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Open connection to default printer.
+
+        By default raise an exception if device is not found.
+
+        :param raise_not_found: Default True.
+                                False to log error but do not raise exception.
+
+        :raises: :py:exc:`~escpos.exceptions.DeviceNotFoundError`
+        """
+        if self._device:
+            self.close()
+
+        self.job_name = job_name
+        try:
+            # Name validation, set default if no given name
+            self.printer_name = self.printer_name or win32print.GetDefaultPrinter()
+            assert self.printer_name in self.printers, "Incorrect printer name"
+            # Open device
+            self.device: Optional[
+                Type[win32print.OpenPrinter]
+            ] = win32print.OpenPrinter(self.printer_name)
+            if self.device:
                 self.current_job = win32print.StartDocPrinter(
-            self.hPrinter, 1, (job_name, None, "RAW")
+                    self.device, 1, (job_name, None, "RAW")
                 )
-        win32print.StartPagePrinter(self.hPrinter)
+                win32print.StartPagePrinter(self.device)
-
+        except AssertionError as e:
-    @dependency_win32print
+            # Raise exception or log error and cancel
-    def close(self):
+            self.device = None
-        """Close connection to default printer."""
+            if raise_not_found:
-        if not self.hPrinter:
+                raise DeviceNotFoundError(
+                    f"Unable to start a print job for the printer {self.printer_name}:"
+                    + f"\n{e}"
+                )
+            else:
+                logging.error("Win32Raw printing %s not available", self.printer_name)
                 return
-        win32print.EndPagePrinter(self.hPrinter)
+        logging.info("Win32Raw printer enabled")
-        win32print.EndDocPrinter(self.hPrinter)
+
-        win32print.ClosePrinter(self.hPrinter)
+    def close(self) -> None:
-        self.hPrinter = None
+        """Close connection to default printer."""
+        if not self._device:
+            return
+        logging.info("Closing Win32Raw connection to printer %s", self.printer_name)
+        win32print.EndPagePrinter(self._device)
+        win32print.EndDocPrinter(self._device)
+        win32print.ClosePrinter(self._device)
+        self._device = False
 
-    @dependency_win32print
     def _raw(self, msg):
         """Print any command sent in raw format.
 
@@ -110,6 +154,6 @@ class Win32Raw(Escpos):
         """
         if self.printer_name is None:
             raise Exception("Printer not found")
-        if self.hPrinter is None:
+        if not self.device:
             raise Exception("Printer job not opened")
-        win32print.WritePrinter(self.hPrinter, msg)
+        win32print.WritePrinter(self.device, msg)

tox.ini

@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ deps = mypy
        types-appdirs
        types-Pillow
        types-pyserial
-       types-pywin32
        hypothesis>=6.83
        jaconv
 commands = mypy src test